《孙子兵法·第六篇 虚实篇》

发布时间:2023-03-27 09:30:02阅读(58)作者:孙武


【原文】

孙子曰:凡先处战地而待敌者佚,后处战地而趋战者劳,故善战者,致人而不致于人。能使敌人自至者,利之也;能使敌人不得至者,害之也。故敌佚能劳之,饱能饥之,安能动之。

出其所不趋,趋其所不意。行千里而不劳者,行于无人之地也。攻而必取者,攻其所不守也;守而必固者,守其所不攻也。故善攻者,敌不知其所守;善守者,敌不知其所攻。微乎微乎,至于无形;神乎神乎,至于无声,故能为敌之司命。进而不可御者,冲其虚也;退而不可追者,速而不可及也。故我欲战,敌虽高垒深沟,不得不与我战者,攻其所必救也;我不欲战,画地而守之,敌不得与我战者,乖其所之也。

故形人而我无形,则我专而敌分;我专为一,敌分为十,是以十攻其一也,则我众而敌寡;能以众击寡者,则吾之所与战者约矣。吾所与战之地不可知,不可知,则敌所备者多;敌所备者多,则吾所与战者寡矣。故备前则后寡,备后则前寡;备左则右寡,备右则左寡;无所不备,则无所不寡。寡者,备人者也;众者,使人备己者也。

故知战之地、知战之日,则可千里而会战;不知战地、不知战日,则左不能救右、右不能救左,前不能救后、后不能救前,而况远者数十里、近者数里乎?以吾度之,越人之兵虽多,亦奚益于胜败哉?故曰:胜可为也。敌虽众,可使无斗。

故策之而知得失之计,作之而知动静之理,形之而知死生之地,角之而知有余不足之处。故形兵之极,至于无形。无形,则深间不能窥、智者不能谋。因形而错胜于众,众不能知。人皆知我所以胜之形,而莫知吾所以制胜之形。故其战胜不复,而应形于无穷。

夫兵形象水。水之形,避高而趋下;兵之形,避实而击虚。水因地而制流,兵因敌而制胜。故兵无常势,水无常形,能因敌变化而取胜者,谓之神。故五行无常胜,四时无常位,有短长,月有死生。

【注释】

(1)趋战:仓促应战的意思。趋,疾行、奔赴。

(2)致人而不致于人:致,引来,这里是调动的意思。致人,就是调动敌人;不致于人,就是不被敌人调动。

(3)出其所不趋:出兵要指向敌人无法急救的地方,也就是击其空虚的意思。汉简《孙子兵法》此句作“出于其所必趋”,《太平御览》等此句作“出其所必趋”,均为“攻其必救”之意。

(4)行千里而不劳者,行于无人之地也:行军千里而不疲劳的,是因为行进在敌人没有设防的地区。汉简《孙子兵法》作:“行千里而不畏,行无人之地也。”

(5)进而不可御者:进攻而敌人不能抵御。汉简《孙子兵法》作:“进而不可迎者。”

(6)攻其所必救:攻击敌人必须要救援的要害之处,以便调动敌人。

(7)画地而守:指不设防就可以守住,比喻非常容易。

(8)乖其所之:即改变敌人的去向,把它引向别的地方去。乖,违背、背离,这里是改变的意思;之,这里作“往”字讲。

(9)形人而我无形:第一个“形”是动词,第二个“形”是名词。形人,就是设法把敌人的内部情况显现到外形上来,也就是用各种侦察手段察明敌情,或使敌人暴露;我无形,就是隐蔽自己的行动和意图,使敌人看不出我军形迹。

(10)我专为一,敌分为十:我军兵力集中在一处,敌人兵力分散在十处。汉简《孙子兵法》作:“我榑而为壹,敌分而为十。”

(11)越人:即越国人。越,春秋时国名,亦称于越,建都会稽(今浙江绍兴)。

(12)奚(xī):疑问词,何的意思。

(13)胜可为:指胜利是可以争取到的。孙子在《形篇》中说:“胜可知而不可为”,是说胜利可以预知,但不能凭主观愿望去取得,必须具备一定的条件才行。此处又说“胜可为”,是说在具备一定条件的基础上,能够通过将帅巧妙的指挥取得胜利。不难看出,这两句包含有朴素的辩证法思想。

(14)可使无斗:可以使敌人兵力分散而无法用全力与我交战。

(15)策:策度、筹算,这里是根据情况分析判断的意思。

(16)得失之计:这里指敌人作战计划的优劣长短。

(17)角之而知有余不足之处:角、角量、较量,这里指进行试探性的进攻。此句是说,经过试探性进攻,就可了解敌人兵力部署的虚实情况。

(18)无形,则深间不能窥:深间,指深藏于我方内部的间谍。因我虚实不露,变化无穷,所以深间也无法窥测;深间,也有人解释为高明的间谍。

(19)智者:这里指狡猾的敌人。

(20)形:形态,这里指作战的方式、方法。

(21)战胜不复:指作战方法灵活多变,每次取胜的方法都不重复。

(22)兵形:用兵的规律。形,方式、方法,这里是指有规律的意思。

(23)避实而击虚:指避开敌人实力雄厚之处,攻击其空虚薄弱的地方。

【翻译/译文】

孙子说:大凡先到达战地而等待敌人到来就沉稳、安逸,后到达战地而疾行奔赴应战就紧张、劳顿。因而,善于指挥作战的人,总是设法调动敌人而自己不为敌人所调动。能使敌人主动来上钩的,是诱敌以利;能使敌人不得前来的,是相逼以害。因而,敌若闲逸,可使它劳倦,敌若饱食,可使它饥饿,敌若安稳,可使它动乱。

在敌人无法紧急救援的地方出击,在敌人意想不到的条件下进攻。行军千里而不劳顿的原因,是行进在敌人无设防的地方;进攻而必取的原因,是进攻敌人不能固守的地方;防守而一定稳固,是在敌人不可能进攻的地方防守。因而,善于进攻的人,敌人不知该于何处设防;善于防守的人,敌人不知该于何处进攻。微妙啊,微妙啊,达到了无形可窥的境界;神奇啊,神奇啊,以至于不露一丝声息的程度,因而能成为敌人命运的主宰者。进攻而敌方不可抵御,那是冲击在敌人的薄弱环节;撤退而敌人不可追及,那是行动神速,敌人追之不及。我想与敌交战,虽然敌人高筑防御工事也不得不出来与我交战,是因为我攻击它必然要救援的地方;我不想同敌交战,只要在地上画个界线便可守住,敌人无法与我交锋,是因为我设法调动它,使它背离所要进攻的方向。

因此,示敌以假像而我不露真情,那么,我就可以集中兵力而敌势必分散兵力。我集中兵力为一处,敌分散兵力为十处,这就形成局部的以十攻一的态势,那么,我就兵力众多而敌人就兵力寡少了;能以众多兵力对付寡少兵力,与我交战的敌人就陷入困境了。我与敌交战的地点敌人不知道,不知道,那么敌人防备的方面就多;敌人防备的方面多,在局部与我交战的敌兵就少了啊。着重防备前方,后方就薄弱;着重防备后方,前方就薄弱;着重防备左翼,右翼就薄弱;着重防备右翼,左翼就薄弱;无处不防备,那就无处不薄弱。造成兵力薄弱的原因就是处处设防啊,形成兵力集中的优势在于迫使敌人处处防备我啊。

知道作战的地点、知道作战的时间,哪怕奔赴千里也可如期会合交战;不知作战地点、不知作战时间,那就左翼也难救右翼,右翼也难救左翼;前军难救后军,后军难救前军;何况远者相隔几十里、近者相隔几里的呢?依我推测,越国的兵力虽然众多,又于胜利有何补益呢?敌人虽多,可使它无法战斗。

分析研究双方情况,可得知双方所处条件的优劣得失;挑动敌人,可了解敌人的行动规律;侦察战地,可知战地各处是否利于攻守进退;小规模的兵力与敌试探性较量,可知敌人兵力部署的或有余或不足等虚实情况。以假像迷惑敌人的用兵方法运用到极至程度,就会不露一丝真迹,使人无形可窥,那么,即使埋藏很深的间谍也不能窥测到实情,即使很有智谋的人也无法设谋。通过以假像迷惑敌人的”示形”方法取得的胜利放置在众人面前,众人不能了解其中的因由,众人都知道我取胜的外在作战状况,而没有谁了解我导致胜利所用的内在方略。因而,我取胜的谋略方法不重复,而随着敌情变化所采取的应变”示形”方法是无穷无尽的。

用兵的规律有如流水的规律。流水的规律是避开高处趋向低处;用兵的规律是避开实处攻击虚处。水流根据地形决定流向,用兵根据敌情采取致胜方略。战争无固定不变的态势,流水无固定不变的流向。能随着敌情发展变化而采取灵活变化的措施取胜的人,才称得上是神秘莫测的高明者。须知五行是没有常胜的,四时是没有不更替的,日照的时间也有短有长,月亮也有晦有朔。

【英文翻译】

第六篇 虚实篇

VI. Weak Points and Strong

孙子曰:凡先处战地而待敌者佚,后处战地而趋战者劳。

Sun Tzu said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle will arrive exhausted.

故善战者,致人而不致于人。

Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not allow the enemy’s will to be imposed on him.

能使敌人自至者,利之也;能使敌人不得至者,害之也。

By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.

故敌佚能劳之,饱能饥之,安能动之。

If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him; if well supplied with food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.

出其所必趋,趋其所不意。

Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march swiftly to places where you are not expected.

行千里而不劳者,行于无人之地也;

An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches through country where the enemy is not.

攻而必取者,攻其所不守也。守而必固者,守其所必攻也。

You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places which are undefended. You can ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked.

故善攻者,敌不知其所守;善守者,敌不知其所攻。

Hence that general is skillful in attack whose opponent does not know what to defend; and he is skillful in defense whose opponent does not know what to attack.

微乎微乎,至于无形;神乎神乎,至于无声,故能为敌之司命。

O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible; and hence we can hold the enemy’s fate in our hands.

进而不可御者,冲其虚也;退而不可追者,速而不可及也。

You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the enemy’s weak points; you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid than those of the enemy.

故我欲战,敌虽高垒深沟,不得不与我战者,攻其所必救也;

If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.

我不欲战,虽画地而守之,敌不得与我战者,乖其所之也。

If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way.

故形人而我无形,则我专而敌分。

By discovering the enemy’s dispositions and remaining invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy’s must be divided.

我专为一,敌分为十,是以十攻其一也。

We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up into fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole, which means that we shall be many to the enemy’s few.

则我众敌寡,能以众击寡者,则吾之所与战者约矣。

And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits.

吾所与战之地不可知,不可知则敌所备者多,敌所备者多,则吾所与战者寡矣。

The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known; for then the enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several different points; and his forces being thus distributed in many directions, the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately few.

故备前则后寡,备后则前寡,备左则右寡,备右则左寡,无所不备,则无所不寡。

For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left, he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right, he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak.

寡者,备人者也;众者,使人备己者也。

Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible attacks; numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these preparations against us.

故知战之地,知战之日,则可千里而会战;

Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order to fight.

不知战之地,不知战日,则左不能救右,右不能救左,前不能救后,后不能救前,而况远者数十里,近者数里乎!

But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will be impotent to succor the right, the right equally impotent to succor the left, the van unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred LI apart, and even the nearest are separated by several LI!

以吾度之,越人之兵虽多,亦奚益于胜哉!故曰:胜可为也。

Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yueh exceed our own in number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then that victory can be achieved.

敌虽众,可使无斗。故策之而知得失之计,

Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from fighting. Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of their success.

候之而知动静之理,形之而知死生之地,

Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity. Force him to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots.

角之而知有余不足之处。

Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that you may know where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient.

故形兵之极,至于无形。无形则深间不能窥,智者不能谋。

In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain is to conceal them; conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains.

因形而措胜于众,众不能知。

How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy’s own tactics–that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.

人皆知我所以胜之形,而莫知吾所以制胜之形。

All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved.

故其战胜不复,而应形于无穷。

Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.

夫兵形象水,水之行避高而趋下,

Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.

兵之形避实而击虚;

So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what is weak.

水因地而制流,兵因敌而制胜。

Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over which it flows; the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.

故兵无常势,水无常形。

Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare there are no constant conditions.

能因敌变化而取胜者,谓之神。

He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain.

故五行无常胜,四时无常位,日有短长,月有死生。

The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth) are not always equally predominant; the four seasons make way for each other in turn. There are short days and long; the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.

【解读】

第六篇《虚实篇》是讲作战指挥(第四篇至第六篇)的第三篇,讲的是如何通过分散集结、包围迂回,造成预定会战地点上的我强敌劣,以多胜少。

从时空因素的掌握说起,强调争取主动和掌握主动的重要性,重点是“因敌制胜”,论述在战争中要有“避实而击虚”,“因敌而制胜”作战的指导思想,不要拘泥常规。

孙子形象地把用兵方略比作流水,事实正是这样,作战像水运动的规律,避开高处而向下奔流。用兵应根据敌情,避开敌人坚固的地方而攻击其弱点;水因地势而决定它的流向,用兵要根据敌情去决定取胜的计策。而要掌握具体方法,就必须把握以下几个要点。

第一个要点是“形人而我无形”。

在战争中要想把握机会,制敌取胜,必须弄清敌人虚实,对敌人的情况了解得越细、越多、越具体,排兵布阵上就会越有的放矢。在此同时,还要注意把自己的虚实隐藏起来,陷对手于盲目瞎马的境地,如果能做到这一点,可以说即使还未交战但双方的胜负已定了。

“避实而击虚”是本篇的第二个要点。

了解了敌人的虚实,还要有正确的战法,以硬碰硬,以刚克刚的战法,不是高明的战法。高明的战法就是“避实击虚”,避开敌人的优势火力、优势兵力,在他最薄弱的地方下手,这才是真正的胜敌之道。

“故敌佚能劳之,饱能饥之,安能动之”,使敌人“由实变虚”,则是本篇最为精彩的华章,也是需要论及的第三个要点。

前面的两个要点,一般的军事家都会懂得,也都知道怎样去做,唯有这一要点,是最困难的,要让敌人听从自己的指挥,把敌人拖瘦、拖垮,的确不是一件容易的事情,指挥艺术的高超,就显示在这些地方。

最后,孙子还强调,“兵无常势,水无常形”。也就是说,在战争中没有固定不变的战法,也没有一成不变的用兵方略,只有根据敌情的变化,依据战争中敌我双方的具体情况,正确地确定作战方略的指挥员,才是百战百胜的“战争之神”。


孙子兵法

作者:孙武

《孙子兵法》简介:《孙子兵法》又称《孙武兵法》、《吴孙子兵法》、《孙子兵书》、《孙武兵书》等。处处表现了道家和兵家的哲学。共有六千字左右,一共十三篇,三十六计。是中国古代军事文化遗产中的璀璨瑰宝。 《孙子兵法》是中国现存最古老、最杰出的一部兵书,也是世界上最早的军事著作,是迄今为止影响最为持久而深远的军事理论着作,被誉为“兵学圣典”。诞生于春秋末期,2500多年来经久不衰,在全世界享有盛誉,历来备受推崇,研习者辈出。世界复杂无常,人生犹如战场,如果才能一生立于不败之地?中华千古智者孙武,透过兵法十三篇-始计篇、作战篇、谋攻篇、军形篇、兵势篇、虚实篇、军争篇、九变篇、行军篇、地形篇、九地篇、火攻篇、用间篇,...(更多)




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