《孙子兵法·第十一篇 九地篇》

【原文】

孙子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有轻地，有争地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有圮地，有围地，有死地。诸侯自战其地，为散地。入人之地而不深者，为轻地。我得则利，彼得亦利者，为争地。我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地。诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下之众者，为衢地。入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地。行山林、险阻、沮泽，凡难行之道者，为圮地。所由入者隘，所从归者迂，彼寡可以击吾之众者，为围地。疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。是故散地则无战，轻地则无止，争地则无攻，交地则无绝，衢地则合交，重地则掠，圮地则行，围地则谋，死地则战。

所谓古之善用兵者，能使敌人前后不相及，众寡不相恃，贵贱不相救，上下不相收，卒离而不集，兵合而不齐。合于利而动，不合于利而止。敢问：敌众整而将来，待之若何？曰：先夺其所爱，则听矣。兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。

凡为客之道，深入则专，主人不克；掠于饶野，三军足食；谨养而勿劳，并气积力；运兵计谋，为不可测。投之无所往，死且不北，死焉不得，士人尽力。兵士甚陷则不惧；无所往则固，深入则拘，不得已则斗。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不约而亲，不令而信，禁祥去疑，至死无所之。吾士无余财，非恶货也；无余命，非恶寿也。令发之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃卧者涕交颐。投之无所往者，诸、刿之勇也。

故善用兵者，譬如率然；率然者，常山之蛇也。击其首则尾至，击其尾则首至，击其中则首尾俱至。敢问：兵可使如率然乎？曰：可。夫吴人与越人相恶也，当其同舟而济，遇风，其相救也如左右手。是故方马埋轮，未足恃也；齐勇若一，政之道也；刚柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，携手若使一人，不得已也。

将军之事：静以幽，正以治。能愚士卒之耳目，使之无知。易其事，革其谋，使人无识；易其居，迂其途，使人不得虑。帅与之期，如登高而去其梯；帅与之深入诸侯之地而发其机，焚舟破釜，若驱群羊，驱而往，驱而来，莫知所之。聚三军之众，投之于险，此谓将军之事也。九地之变，屈伸之利，人情之理，不可不察。

凡为客之道：深入则专，浅则散。去国越境而师者，绝地也；四达者，衢地也；入深者，重地也；入浅者，轻地也；背固前隘者，围地也；无所往者，死地也。是故散地，吾将一其志；轻地，吾将使之属；争地，吾将趋其后；交地，吾将谨其守；衢地，吾将固其结；重地，吾将继其食；圮地，吾将进其途；围地，吾将塞其阙；死地，吾将示之以不活。故兵之情：围则御，不得已则斗，过则从。

是故不知诸侯之谋者，不能预交；不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军；不用乡导者，不能得地利。四五者，不知一，非霸王之兵也。夫霸王之兵，伐大国，则其众不得聚；威加于敌，则其交不得合。是故不争天下之交，不养天下之权，信己之私，威加于敌，故其城可拔，其国可隳。施无法之赏，悬无政之令，犯三军之众，若使一人。犯之以事，勿告以言；犯之以利，勿告以害。投之亡地然后存，陷之死地然后生。夫众陷于害，然后能为胜败。故为兵之事，在于顺详敌之意，并敌一向，千里杀将，此谓巧能成事者也。

是故政举之日，夷关折符，无通其使，厉于廊庙之上，以诛其事。敌人开阖，必亟入之。先其所爱，微与之期。践墨随敌，以决战事。是故始如处女，敌人开户，后如脱兔，敌不及拒。

【注释】

（1）三属：属（zhǔ），连接。指敌我和其他诸侯国连接的地区。

（2）无止：止，停留。不要停留。

（3）争地则无攻：双方必争的要害地区，应先敌占领，若敌人已先占领，则不宜强攻。

（4）交地则无绝：绝，断绝。在“交地”要注意军队部署能互相策应以确保联系，不可断绝，以防敌人截击。

（5）衢地则合交：在“衢地”要同相邻诸侯国加强外交活动，结交诸侯。

（6）重地则掠：军队进入“重地”要征掠敌国的粮秣，保障自己部队的供给。

（7）死地则战：处于“疾战则存，不疾战则亡”的“死地”，就应激励士卒殊死战斗，死中求生。

（8）古之善用兵者：汉简《孙子兵法》此句为：“所谓古善战者。”

（9）众寡不相恃：使敌军的主力和小部队之间不能互相依靠和协同作战。

（10）贵贱不相救：使敌军的官兵之间不能相救应。贵贱，古时指地位高贵和地位低微的人，这时指将官与士卒。

（11）先夺其所爱则听矣：爱，指敌人最关注、最重视的地方。指首先攻取敌人所必救的要害之处，敌人就会被迫听任我的摆布了。

（12）由不虞之道：虞，预料。这句是说，要走敌人预料不到的道路。

（13）为客之道：指进入敌境作战的原则。客，客军，即离开本国进入别国作战的军队。

（14）深入则专，主人不克：专，专心一意；主人，被进攻的国家或军队；克，战胜。指深入到敌国境内，士兵就会专心一致不敢逃亡，只好拼命作战，敌军就会抵御不住。

（15）谨养而勿劳，并气积力：指要注意休整，别让部队过于疲劳，要提高士气，积蓄力量。

（16）为不可测：使敌人不可推测。汉简《孙子兵法》，测作贼。

（17）投之无所往：投，投放、投置。把部队放置于无路可走的绝境。

（18）死且不北：死也不会败退。

（19）死焉不得：指士卒死都不怕了，哪还有什么不可得呢？

（20）无所往则固：固，牢固，这里指军心稳定。别无去路时军心就稳固。

（21）深入则拘：拘，束缚，这里指人心专一而不涣散。深入到敌国之后，士卒就不会散漫了。

（22）是故其兵不修而戒：不修，即不用整顿、告诫。因此这样的军队不用整顿而会自动戒备。

（23）禁祥去疑：祥，妖祥，这里指占卜等迷信活动。禁止迷信活动，消除疑虑和谣言。

（24）无余命，非恶寿：恶，厌恶；寿，寿命。指士卒不怕死，并不是不想活下去。

（25）偃卧者涕交颐：偃，仰倒；颐，面颊。

（26）诸、刿：诸，专诸，春秋时吴国的勇士；刿（ɡuì），曹刿，又名曹沫，春秋时鲁国武士。

（27）率然：古代传说中的一种蛇。《神异经西荒经》：西方山中有蛇，头尾差大，有色五彩。人物触之者，中头则尾至，中尾则头至，中腰则头尾并至，名曰率然。

（28）常山：即恒山。汉简《孙子兵法》中作恒山。恒山在今山西浑源县东南，是五岳中的北岳。西汉时为避讳汉文帝刘恒的恒字，改为常。北周武帝时，又改称恒山。

（29）方马埋轮，未足恃也：方，并列，指系在一起的意思。把马并排地系在一起，把车轮埋起来，想以此来稳定军队，是靠不住的。

（30）齐勇若一，政之道也：政，这里是治理、领导的意思。使全军上下齐心协力、英勇奋战如同一人，才是军队思想政治工作所应坚持的原则要求。

（31）刚柔皆得，地之理也：要使强者和弱者都能发挥作用，在于适当地利用地形，使我军处于有利的态势。

（32）携手若使一人：携手，提挈。提挈三军，就像使用一人那样容易。

（33）静以幽，正以治：静，镇静，沉静；幽，深邃；正，严正，公正；治，治理，有条理。镇静以求深思，严正而有条理。

（34）易其事，革其谋：易，改变，变化；革，变更，更新。战法经常变化，计谋不断更新。

（35）帅与之期，如登高而去其梯：之，代词，指部属，军队。将帅授给部属的任务，要像叫人登高后抽去梯子那样，使他们能进而不能退。

（36）发其机：扳动弩机，喻决战事。

（37）屈伸之利：伸，伸展；屈，曲、不伸展。根据情况，该屈则屈，该伸则伸，这样最为有利。

（38）深则专，浅则散：指在敌国作战，深入则士卒一致，浅则士卒涣散。

（39）去国越境而师者，绝地也：离开本国，跨越邻国，进入敌国作战的地区，叫作“绝地”。

（40）背固前隘者，围地也：前进困难，后退受阻，易被包围的地域叫围地。

（41）固其结：巩固与诸侯国的结盟。结，指结交诸侯。

（42）塞其阙：阙（què），缺口。堵塞缺口，使士卒不得不拼死作战。

（43）过则从：过，指深陷危境的意思。深陷于十分危险的境地，就容易指挥。

（44）四五者，一不知，非霸、王之兵：九地的利害，有一不知，就不是霸王、王者的军队。四五者，曹操注：谓九地之利害。霸王之兵，是指强大的军队。

（45）其众不得聚：指能使敌国军民来不及调动和集结。

（46）不争天下之交：没有必要争着和别的国家结交。

（47）不养天下之权：没有必要随便在别的国家培植自己的势力。

（48）信己之私：信，伸，伸张；私，指自己的意图。伸张自己的战略意图。

（49）隳：通“毁”，毁坏，毁灭。

（50）施无法之赏：施行超出法定的奖赏，即所谓法外之赏。

（51）悬无政之令：悬，悬挂，这里指颁发。颁发打破常规的号令，即所谓政外之令。

（52）犯三军之众：犯，使用、指挥、运用。指挥三军上下行动。

（53）犯之以利，勿告以害：驱使士卒完成某项任务时，只告诉他们有利的一面，而不告诉其危险的一面。

（54）顺详敌之意：详，通“佯”。假装顺从敌人的意图。曹操注：“彼欲进，设伏而退；欲去，开而击之。”

（55）夷关折符：符，古时用木、竹、铜等做成的牌子，上刻图文，分为两半，各执一半，作为凭证。即封锁关口，废除通行凭证。

（56）厉于廊庙之上：厉，磨砺，这里是反复计议的意思；廊庙，即庙堂。在庙堂上反复计议作战大事。

（57）敌人开阖，必亟入之：阖（hé），门扇。开阖，打开门扇出现空隙。敌人一旦出现空隙，必须迅速乘虚而入。

（58）先其所爱，微与之期：爱，珍爱，要害；微，无，不要；期，日期，指约期交战。首先夺取敌人的要害之处，不要与敌人约期会战。

（59）践墨随敌：践，实行；墨，墨线，这里指既定计划、原则。指实施计划时，要随着敌情的变化而不断加以改变。

（60）以决战事：以解决战争胜负问题。

（61）始如处女，敌人开户；后如脱兔，敌不及拒：起先如处女般柔弱沉静，使敌人放松戒备；随后如脱逃的兔子一样迅速行动，使敌人来不及抗拒。

【翻译/译文】

孙子说：根据用兵的原则，战地有散地、轻地、争地、交地、衢地、重地、圮地、围地、死地等多种。诸侯在自己领地内作战，这种战地称为散地。进入敌境不远的战地，称为轻地。我先占领于我有利，敌先占领于敌有利，此为争地。我可以前往，敌人也可以进来，此为交地。多国交界，先得到便容易取得天下支持的，为衢地。入敌境纵深，穿过敌境许多城邑的地方，称为重地。山森、险阻、沼泽等大凡难行的地方，称为圮地。进入的道路狭隘，回归的道路迂远，敌人以少数兵力便可抗击我大部队的地方，称为围地。迅速奋战便可生存，不迅速奋战就会灭亡的为死地。因而，在散地不宜交战；在轻地不要停留；在争地，敌若占据，不可进攻；在衢地则注意结交诸侯；在重地，则掠取资粮；在圮地则迅速通过；在围地则巧设计谋；在死地则殊死奋战。

通常人们称赞的古代善于用兵的人，能使敌人前后不相连续，大部队与小部队无法相依恃，官与兵无法相救援，上下级无法相统属，士卒离散而不能集合，即使集合也无法统一行动。符合自己的利益就立即行动，不符合自己利益就停止行动。或许有人问：”敌军甚众，且又整肃，将向我进攻，我该如何对付它？”回答是：先干掉敌人所珍爱所依恃的方面，那么，敌人就被动屈从了。用兵的情理是以神速为主，乘敌人措手不及的时机，经由敌人料想不到的道路，攻击敌人未加戒备的地方。

大凡进入敌国境内作战的一般规律是：深入敌人腹地，士卒们心志专一，敌人不能战胜我；掠夺敌人富饶的乡野，三军的粮食给养就充足了；认真养练部队，不使他们疲劳，鼓舞士气，积聚力量；部署兵力，设计谋略，要使敌无法测知我方虚实、意图；把士卒置于无路可走的境地，至死也不会败退，死都不怕，士卒自然人人尽力作战。士卒真正深陷危亡之境就无所畏惧；无路可走时反而军心稳固；入敌境纵深之地，士卒自然依附而不敢涣散；在不得已的情况下，必然会拼死战斗。因而，在这种情况下，军队不用整治，也会加强戒备；不用征求，下情自然上达；不用约束，也能亲和互助；不用申令也能遵纪守法；迷信活动自然停止，士兵也不再疑虑，至死也不会逃逸。士卒们不留多余的财物 ，不是他们厌恶财物；士卒们不顾生命危险，不是他们不想活命。作战命令发布的时候，士卒们坐着的泪湿衣襟，仰卧的泪流满面，一旦把他们置于无路可走的境地时，便都有专诸、曹刿一般的勇敢了。

善于用兵的人，他指挥的部队就如”率然”一样。”率然”，是常山的一种蛇。击它的头部，它的尾部弹过来救应，击它的尾部，它的头部弹过来救应，击它的腰部，它的头尾一齐弹过来救应。或问：军队可指挥得像率然一样吗？回答是 可以。吴人与越人是相互仇视的，当他们同船过渡突遇大风时，他们相互救助起来如同左右手。因此，缚马埋轮，是不足以倚恃的稳定军阵的办法；三军严整、勇敢如一人，靠的是治军有方；勇敢的人和怯弱的人都得以发挥其战斗力，靠的是巧妙地运用地形。古代善于用兵的人，能使部队携手如同一个人一样服从指挥，是将部队置于不得已的情况下形成的。

统帅军队这种事，要沉着镇静而幽密深邃，公平严正而整肃有方，能蒙蔽士卒的耳目，使他们无知。常改变所行之事，常变更所设之谋，使人无法识破用意；驻扎常变地方，行军常迂回绕道，使人无法捉摸真实意图。将帅给部队下达战斗命令，像登高抽去梯子一样，使士卒有进无退；将帅与士卒深入诸侯重地，捕捉战机，发起攻势，焚舟毁桥，砸烂锅灶，像驱赶群羊一样，赶过去，赶过来，没有谁明白到底要到哪里去。聚集三军之众，将他们置于危险的境地，这就是领兵作战的职责。各种地形的灵活运用，攻守进退的利害关系，士卒在不同环境中的心理变化规律，不能不认真加以考察。

大凡进入敌国作战的规律是：进入敌境越深，军心越专一 越浅，士卒越容易离散。离开本土穿越边境去敌国作战的地方，称为绝地 四通八达的战地为衢地 进入敌境纵深的地方叫重地；进入敌境不远的地方叫轻地 背靠险固前路狭窄的地方叫围地 无路可走的地方叫死地。因此，在散地，我将很好地统一士卒心志，在轻地，我将注意使部队保持连续 遇争地，我将紧紧地从后驱赶部队快速前进 在交地，我就要谨慎地加强防守 在衢地，我将巩固与加强同诸侯国的联系；在重地，我将注意保证军需粮饷的不断供应；在圮地，我将率部迅速通过；在围地，我将堵住可逃生的缺口；在死地，我将向士卒表示必死的决心。士兵的心理变化规律是：被包围就会合力抵御，不得已时就会殊死奋战，陷于深重危难境地就非常听从指挥。

不清楚各诸侯国企图的人，不能参与外交，不熟悉山林、险阻、沼泽等地形及其运用原则的人，不能领军作战；不用向导的人，得不到有利的地形，类似这四五个方面的事，有一个方面不知道，就不能算霸王的军队。所谓霸王的军队，攻伐大国，迅猛得使敌国无法及时调动民众与集结军队；兵威指向敌人，那么敌人的外交就无法成功。因而，不必争着与任何国家结交，也不随便培植他国的权威，多多施恩于自己的民众、士卒，把兵刃指向敌国，那么，敌国城池可拔，国都可毁。实行破格的奖赏，颁发非常的政令，驱使三军部队像使唤一个人一样。授以任务，不说明意图；告诉他有利的条件，不告诉他危险的一面。把士卒投入危亡境地，士卒才会拼死奋战获得生存，士卒陷于死地，必然舍命奋战以求生。兵士们陷入危险境地，才能主动地奋力夺取胜利。领兵作战这种事，就在于假装顺着敌人的意图，我则集中精锐兵力指向敌人一处，哪怕奔袭千里也可斩杀敌将，这便是通常说的机智能成就大事。

决定实施战争的时候，就封锁关口，废除通行凭证，停止与敌国的使节往来。在庙堂上反复研讨，制定战争计划。敌人出现可乘之隙，一定马上攻入，首先夺取敌人所心爱的部位，不要与敌约期决战。执行作战计划一定要随敌情变化而灵活处置，来争取战争的胜利。因而，开始要像处女一般沉静，使敌人放松戒备；然后突然发动攻击，如同脱逃的兔子一般敏捷，使敌人来不及抗拒 。

【英文翻译】

第十一篇 九地篇

XI. The Nine Situations

孙子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有轻地，有争地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有泛地，有围地，有

死地。

Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground: (1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.

诸侯自战其地者，为散地；

When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground.

入人之地不深者，为轻地；

When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it is facile ground.

我得亦利，彼得亦利者，为争地；

Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground.

我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地；

Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.

诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下众者，为衢地；

Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.

入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地；

When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.

山林、险阻、沮泽，凡难行之道者，为泛地；

Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens–all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.

所由入者隘，所从归者迂，彼寡可以击吾之众者，为围地；

Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.

疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。

Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.

是故散地则无战，轻地则无止，争地则无攻，

On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not.

交地则无绝，衢地则合交，

On open ground, do not try to block the enemy’s way. On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.

重地则掠，泛地则行，

On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march.

围地则谋，死地则战。

On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground, fight.

古之善用兵者，能使敌人前后不相及，众寡不相恃，贵贱不相救，上下不相收，

Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy’s front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men.

卒离而不集，兵合而不齐。

When the enemy’s men were united, they managed to keep them in disorder.

合于利而动，不合于利而止。

When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.

敢问敌众而整将来，待之若何曰：先夺其所爱则听矣。

If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: “Begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will.”

兵之情主速，乘人之不及。由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。

Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy’s unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots.

凡为客之道，深入则专。主人不克，

The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.

掠于饶野，三军足食。

Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food.

谨养而勿劳，并气积力，运兵计谋，为不可测。

Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on the move, and devise unfathomable plans.

投之无所往，死且不北。死焉不得，士人尽力。

Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.

兵士甚陷则不惧，无所往则固，深入则拘，不得已则斗。

Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight hard.

是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不约而亲，不令而信，

Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be trusted.

禁祥去疑，至死无所之。

Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.

吾士无余财，非恶货也；无余命，非恶寿也。

If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity.

令发之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃卧者涕交颐，投之无所往，诸、刿之勇也。

On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep, those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay, and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.

故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也。击其首则尾至，击其尾则首至，击其中则首尾俱至。

The skillful tactician may be likened to the shuai-jan. Now the shuai-jan is a snake that is found in the ChUng mountains. Strike at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you will be attacked by head and tail both.

敢问兵可使如率然乎？曰可。夫吴人与越人相恶也，当其同舟而济而遇风，其相救也如左右手。

Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan, I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each other’s assistance just as the left hand helps the right.

是故方马埋轮，未足恃也；

Hence it is not enough to put one’s trust in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground

齐勇如一，政之道也；

The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of courage which all must reach.

刚柔皆得，地之理也。

How to make the best of both strong and weak–that is a question involving the proper use of ground.

故善用兵者，携手若使一人，不得已也。

Thus the skillful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand.

将军之事，静以幽，正以治，

It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order.

能愚士卒之耳目，使之无知；

He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance.

易其事，革其谋，使人无识；易其居，迂其途，使民不得虑。

By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.

帅与之期，如登高而去其梯；帅与之深入诸侯之地，而发其机。

At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand.

若驱群羊，驱而往，驱而来，莫知所之。

He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he is going.

聚三军之众，投之于险，此谓将军之事也。

To muster his host and bring it into danger:–this may be termed the business of the general.

九地之变，屈伸之力，人情之理，不可不察也。

The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground;

the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the

fundamental laws of human nature: these are things that must

most certainly be studied.

凡为客之道：深入则专，浅则散。

When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means dispersion.

去国越境而师者，绝地也；四达者，衢地也；

When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When there are means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.

入深者，重地也；

When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground.

入浅者，轻地也；

When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground.

背固前隘者，围地也；无所往者，死地也。

When you have the enemy’s strongholds on your rear, and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.

是故散地，吾将一其志；

Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of purpose.

轻地，吾将使之属；

On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between all parts of my army.

争地，吾将趋其后；

On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.

交地，吾将谨其守；

On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defenses.

衢地，吾将固其结；

On ground of intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances.

重地，吾将继其食；

On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies.

圮地，吾将进其途；

On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road.

围地，吾将塞其阙；

On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat.

死地，吾将示之以不活。

On desperate ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.

故兵之情：围则御，不得已则斗，过则从。

For it is the soldier’s disposition to offer an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he has fallen into danger.

是故不知诸侯之谋者，不能预交；

We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we are acquainted with their designs.

不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军；

We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country–its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.

不用乡导者，不能得地利。

We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides.

四五者，不知一，非霸王之兵也。

To be ignored of any one of the following four or five principles does not befit a warlike prince.

夫霸王之兵，伐大国，则其众不得聚；威加于敌，则其交不得合。

When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy’s forces. He overawes his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining against him.

是故不争天下之交，不养天下之权，信己之私，威加于敌，故其城可拔，其国可隳。

Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow their kingdoms.

施无法之赏，悬无政之令，犯三军之众，若使一人。

Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders without regard to previous arrangements; and you will be able to handle a whole army as though you had to do with but a single man.

犯之以事，勿告以言；犯之以利，勿告以害。

Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know your design. When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy.

投之亡地然后存，陷之死地然后生。

Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off in safety.

夫众陷于害，然后能为胜败。

For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm’s way that is capable of striking a blow for victory.

故为兵之事，在于顺详敌之意，并敌一向，千里杀将，此谓巧能成事者也。

Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the enemy’s purpose. By persistently hanging on the enemy’s flank, we shall succeed in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief.This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.

是故政举之日，夷关折符，无通其使，厉于廊庙之上，以诛其事。

On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies, and stop the passage of all

emissaries.Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the situation.

敌人开阖，必亟入之。

If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.

先其所爱，微与之期。

Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground.

践墨随敌，以决战事。

Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.

是故始如处女，敌人开户，后如脱兔，敌不及拒。

At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late for the enemy to oppose you.

令发之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃卧者涕交颐，投之无所往，诸、刿之勇也。

【解读】

第十一篇《九地篇》是讲军事地理（第十篇至第十一篇）的第二篇，讲的是依“主客”形势和深入敌方的程度等划分的九种作战环境及相应的战术要求。

用兵作战的方法很多，对作战地点的认识是很重要的，孙武总结出六种作战的地点，又针对性地提出了对待的办法。同时孙武又提出了多变的理由，更重要的是对敌我双方官兵的心理也进行了分析，这是一篇最早的，也是最优秀的军事心理学专著。